Create a User, Tables and Import Data Using SAP HANA HDBSQL

This step demonstrates how to connect to a SAP HANA instance using HDBSQL from the SAP HANA client installation.

1. Copy and paste the following command to see the command line options and press the space bar to advance though the information.

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   hdbsql -h | more
   

2. Connect to either SAP HANA Cloud or SAP HANA, express edition using host, port, and credentials. Details on where to find these values are covered in the third and fifth steps of the first tutorial in this mission.

   • To connect to SAP HANA Cloud, see the following general command.

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     hdbsql -n <host name>:<port> -u <user> -p <password>
     

     The following is a connection example for the SAP HANA Cloud. Notice that if the -p is not provided then you will be prompted to enter your password.

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     hdbsql -n 3b2gf55e-4214-4bd9-adfc-f547d8e2d384.hana.trial-us10.hanacloud.ondemand.com:443 -u DBADMIN
     

     

   • For SAP HANA, express edition, there are two options shown below to connect.

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     hdbsql -n <ip address>:39015 -u <user> -p <password>
     or
     hdbsql -n <ip address> -d <database name> -i <instance number> -u <user> -p <password>
     

     Below are two connection examples for SAP HANA, express edition.

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     hdbsql -n <ip address>:39015 -u SYSTEM -p your_password
     or
     hdbsql -n <ip address> -d HXE -i 90 -u SYSTEM -p your_password
     

     Notice that either the host and port combination or the host, database name and instance number can be used to connect.

3. If your connection succeeded, proceed to sub-step 4. If not, the following information may be helpful in diagnosing a failed connection.

   • The HANA Cloud instance can be configured to enable applications running from outside the SAP BTP to connect. The current setting is shown in SAP HANA Cloud Central in the screenshot below.

     

     An example of configuring this setting is shown in Allow connections to SAP HANA Cloud instance from selected IP addresses — using the command line.

   • The SAP HANA Cloud, HANA database trial instance will be automatically stopped overnight. That means you need to restart your instance before working with it each new day.

   • Connections to a HANA Cloud instance must use encryption. The default encryption library on Windows is mscrypto and on Linux and macOS it is OpenSSL. The following example demonstrates how one could use the SAP provided conmmoncrypto library instead of the default encryption library. Note, the following steps require that the SAP HANA Client be downloaded from the SAP Software Downloads as the download includes the SAP Common Crypto library (libsapcrypto). Note that the environment variables can also be set by running source hdbclienv.sh or hdbclienv.bat.

     Shell (Linux or Mac)

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     mkdir ~/.ssl
     # Download the public root certificate used by HANA Cloud
     wget --no-check-certificate https://cacerts.digicert.com/DigiCertGlobalRootCA.crt.pem -O ~/.ssl/DigiCertGlobalRootCA.crt.pem
     # Show the command help for the sapgenpse
     sapgenpse -h
     # SECDIR & LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables are required when using the commoncrypto library
     export SECUDIR=~/sap/hdbclient
     export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=~/sap/hdbclient:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
     # macOS only
     export DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=~/sap/hdbclient
     # Create a PSE (Personal Security Environment) which will be used to contain the public root certificate of SAP HANA Cloud.  
     # Press enter twice to not provide a pin
     sapgenpse gen_verify_pse -p "$SECUDIR/sapcli.pse"
     

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     # Add the certificate to the PSE
     sapgenpse maintain_pk -p "$SECUDIR/sapcli.pse" -a ~/.ssl/DigiCertGlobalRootCA.crt.pem
     # View the contents of the PSE
     sapgenpse maintain_pk -p "$SECUDIR/sapcli.pse" -l
     # Connect using the SAP commoncrypto library rather than OpenSSL. Replace the host, user, and password values.
     hdbsql -sslprovider commoncrypto -n 3b2gf55e-4214-4bd9-adfc-f547d8e2d384.hana.trial-us10.hanacloud.ondemand.com:443 -u <USER> -p <Password>
     

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     REM In a browser download https://cacerts.digicert.com/DigiCertGlobalRootCA.crt.pem
     REM Show the command help for the sapgenpse
     sapgenpse -h
     REM SECDIR environment variable is required when using the commoncrypto library
     set SECUDIR=C:\SAP\hdbclient
     REM Create a PSE (Personal Security Environment) which will be used to contain the public root certificate of SAP HANA Cloud.  
     REM Press enter twice to not provide a pin
     sapgenpse gen_verify_pse -p "%SECUDIR%/sapcli.pse"
     REM if the above command fails, try using the -log option for additional output.
     

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     REM Add the certificate to the PSE
     sapgenpse maintain_pk -p "%SECUDIR%/sapcli.pse" -a %USERPROFILE%/Downloads/DigiCertGlobalRootCA.crt.pem
     REM View the contents of the PSE
     sapgenpse maintain_pk -p "%SECUDIR%/sapcli.pse" -l
     REM Connect using the SAP commoncrypto library rather than OpenSSL. Replace the host, user, and password values.
     hdbsql -sslprovider commoncrypto -n 3b2gf55e-4214-4bd9-adfc-f547d8e2d384.hana.trial-us10.hanacloud.ondemand.com:443 -u <USER> -p <Password>
     

     For additional details see Server Certificate Authentication.

   • If you are on a Linux or Mac machine and the hdbsql connection fails with the error message below, it indicates that the OpenSSL library could not locate a trust store in the default location.

   Cannot create SSL context: SSL trust store cannot be found: /Users/user1/.ssl/trust.pem

   A public root certificate to validate the server’s certificate is needed. More information about the required DigiCert root certificate can be found at Secure Communication Between SAP HANA Cloud and JDBC/ODBC Clients and 3397584 - HANA Cloud Connections will switch from “DigiCert Global Root CA” to “DigiCert TLS RSA4096 Root G5”.

   It can be downloaded from Download PEM, renamed to trust.pem and saved to the specified location. For further details, see Secure connection from HDBSQL to SAP HANA Cloud.

4. Type \s for status information

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   \s
   

   Notice that for the SAP HANA Cloud instance, the version number is 4.x.

   

   Notice that for the HANA, express edition, the version number is 2.x.

   

This step creates two users and a schema. USER1 will be the owner of the tables that will be created in a subsequent step and will be used to connect to the database.

On Linux or a Mac, turn off page by page scroll output. Also, consult the -j hdbsql option. This enables multiple commands to be pasted at one time and does not require each result to be exited by pressing q.

\pa off

1. Create USER1. Select the command below based on the version of SAP HANA being used. Note that the message ‘0 rows affected’ means that query was successful.

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   CREATE USER USER1 PASSWORD Password1 no force_first_password_change;
   CREATE USER USER2 PASSWORD Password2 no force_first_password_change;  --Used in the Node.js connection pool example and the entity framework tutorial.
   

   The end of this tutorial contains SQL statements to delete the user, schema and objects created. This may be helpful if you wish to recreate the sample dataset used in this tutorial.

   To verify that the user was created, enter the following command.

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   SELECT USER_NAME FROM USERS;
   

   Also notice that a schema with the same name is created for this user.

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   SELECT SCHEMA_NAME FROM SCHEMAS;
   

2. Enable USER1 the ability to create schema, connect as USER1, create a schema, and set it as the current schema.

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   SELECT CURRENT_USER, CURRENT_SCHEMA FROM DUMMY;
   GRANT CREATE SCHEMA TO USER1;
   CONNECT USER1 PASSWORD Password1;
   CREATE SCHEMA HOTELS;
   SET SCHEMA HOTELS;
   GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA HOTELS TO USER2;
   GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA HOTELS TO DBADMIN;
   SELECT CURRENT_USER, CURRENT_SCHEMA FROM DUMMY;
   
   

   Notice that the current user and schema have also changed from DBADMIN or SYSTEM to USER1 and that the schema is now HOTELS.

For further information on SQL to create a user or schema, see CREATE USER Statement, CREATE SCHEMA Statement,
Grant Statement(Access Control), and Privileges.

Remembering and entering IP addresses, ports, user IDs and passwords can be difficult. SAP HANA User Store offers a convenient means of storing this information and making it available to the SAP HANA client interfaces.

1. Exit out of hdbsql and type hdbuserstore to see a list of available commands such as Set, List and Delete.

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   \q
   hdbuserstore
   

   hdbuserstore is included with the install of the SAP HANA client.

2. Using hdbuserstore, specify a key named USER1UserKey that has the host, port and credentials. Details on where to find these values are covered in the third and fifth steps of the first tutorial in this mission.

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   hdbuserstore Set USER1UserKey <host name>:<port> USER1 Password1
   hdbuserstore List
   

3. Connect with USER1 as the username.

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   hdbsql -U USER1UserKey
   

   Uppercase U is for specifying a key from the user store, lower case u is for user.

   ---

Using Stored Connection Information contains details on how an application can use a hdbuserstore key.

1. Exit HDBSQL by entering \q.

2. Create a folder for the exercises in this tutorial, enter that directory, and begin editing a file named hotel.sql.

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   mkdir %HOMEPATH%\HANAClientsTutorial\sql
   cd %HOMEPATH%\HANAClientsTutorial\sql
   notepad hotel.sql
   

   Substitute pico below for your preferred text editor.

   Shell (Linux or Mac)

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   mkdir -p $HOME/HANAClientsTutorial/sql
   cd $HOME/HANAClientsTutorial/sql
   pico hotel.sql
   

3. Copy the following SQL into the file hotel.sql.

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   --CONNECT USER1 PASSWORD Password1;
   SET SCHEMA HOTELS;
   CREATE COLUMN TABLE HOTEL(
     hno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
     name NVARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
     address NVARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
     city NVARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
     state NVARCHAR(2) NOT NULL,
     zip NVARCHAR(6)
   );
   CREATE COLUMN TABLE ROOM(
     hno INTEGER,
     type NVARCHAR(6),
     free NUMERIC(3),
     price NUMERIC(6, 2),
     PRIMARY KEY (hno, type),
     FOREIGN KEY (hno) REFERENCES HOTEL
   );
   CREATE COLUMN TABLE CUSTOMER(
     cno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
     title NVARCHAR(7),
     firstname NVARCHAR(20),
     name NVARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
     address NVARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
     zip NVARCHAR(6)
   );
   CREATE COLUMN TABLE RESERVATION(
     resno INTEGER NOT NULL GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY,
     rno INTEGER NOT NULL,
     cno INTEGER,
     hno INTEGER,
     type NVARCHAR(6),
     arrival DATE NOT NULL,
     departure DATE NOT NULL,
     PRIMARY KEY (
       "RESNO", "ARRIVAL"
     ),
     FOREIGN KEY(hno) REFERENCES HOTEL,
     FOREIGN KEY(cno) REFERENCES CUSTOMER
   );
   CREATE COLUMN TABLE MAINTENANCE(
     mno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
     hno INTEGER,
     description NVARCHAR(100),
     date_performed DATE,
     performed_by NVARCHAR(40)
   );
   
   CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE SHOW_RESERVATIONS(
     IN IN_HNO INTEGER, IN IN_ARRIVAL DATE)
     SQL SECURITY INVOKER
     READS SQL DATA
     AS BEGIN
       SELECT
         R.RESNO,
         R.ARRIVAL,
         DAYS_BETWEEN (R.ARRIVAL, R.DEPARTURE) as "Nights",
         H.NAME,
         CUS.TITLE,
         CUS.FIRSTNAME AS "FIRST NAME",
         CUS.NAME AS "LAST NAME"
       FROM
         RESERVATION AS R
         LEFT OUTER JOIN
         HOTEL AS H
         ON H.HNO = R.HNO
         LEFT OUTER JOIN
         CUSTOMER AS CUS
         ON CUS.CNO = R.CNO
         WHERE R.ARRIVAL = :IN_ARRIVAL AND
         H.HNO = :IN_HNO
       ORDER BY
         H.NAME ASC,
         R.ARRIVAL DESC;
     END;
   
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(10, 'Congress', '155 Beechwood St.', 'Seattle', 'WA', '20005');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(11, 'Regency', '477 17th Avenue', 'Seattle', 'WA', '20037');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(12, 'Long Island', '1499 Grove Street', 'Long Island', 'NY', '11788');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(13, 'Empire State', '65 Yellowstone Dr.', 'Albany', 'NY', '12203');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(14, 'Midtown', '12 Barnard St.', 'New York', 'NY', '10019');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(15, 'Eighth Avenue', '112 8th Avenue', 'New York', 'NY', '10019');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(16, 'Lake Michigan', '354 OAK Terrace', 'Chicago', 'IL', '60601');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(17, 'Airport', '650 C Parkway', 'Rosemont', 'IL', '60018');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(18, 'Sunshine', '200 Yellowstone Dr.', 'Clearwater', 'FL', '33575');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(19, 'Beach', '1980 34th St.', 'Daytona Beach', 'FL', '32018');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(20, 'Atlantic', '111 78th St.', 'Deerfield Beach', 'FL', '33441');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(21, 'Long Beach', '35 Broadway', 'Long Beach', 'CA', '90804');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(22, 'Indian Horse', '16 MAIN STREET', 'Palm Springs', 'CA', '92262');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(23, 'Star', '13 Beechwood Place', 'Hollywood', 'CA', '90029');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(24, 'River Boat', '788 MAIN STREET', 'New Orleans', 'LA', '70112');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(25, 'Ocean Star', '45 Pacific Avenue', 'Atlantic City', 'NJ', '08401');
   INSERT INTO HOTEL VALUES(26, 'Bella Ciente', '1407 Marshall Ave', 'Longview', 'TX', '75601');
   
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(10, 'single', 20, 135.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(10, 'double', 45, 200.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(12, 'single', 10, 70.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(12, 'double', 13, 100.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(13, 'single', 12, 45.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(13, 'double', 15, 80.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(14, 'single', 20, 85.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(14, 'double', 35, 140.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(15, 'single', 50, 105.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(15, 'double', 230, 180.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(15, 'suite', 12, 500.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(16, 'single', 10, 120.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(16, 'double', 39, 200.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(16, 'suite', 20, 500.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(17, 'single', 4, 115.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(17, 'double', 11, 180.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(18, 'single', 15, 90.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(18, 'double', 19, 150.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(18, 'suite', 5, 400.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(19, 'single', 45, 90.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(19, 'double', 145, 150.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(19, 'suite', 60, 300.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(20, 'single', 11, 60.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(20, 'double', 24, 100.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(21, 'single', 2, 70.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(21, 'double', 10, 130.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(22, 'single', 34, 80.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(22, 'double', 78, 140.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(22, 'suite', 55, 350.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(23, 'single', 89, 160.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(23, 'double', 300, 270.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(23, 'suite', 100, 700.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(24, 'single', 10, 125.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(24, 'double', 9, 200.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(24, 'suite', 78, 600.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(25, 'single', 44, 100.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(25, 'double', 115, 190.00);
   INSERT INTO ROOM VALUES(25, 'suite', 6, 450.00);
   
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1000, 'Mrs', 'Jenny', 'Porter', '1340 N. Ash Street, #3', '10580');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1001, 'Mr', 'Peter', 'Brown', '1001 34th St., APT.3', '48226');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1002, 'Company', NULL, 'Datasoft', '486 Maple St.', '90018');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1003, 'Mrs', 'Rose', 'Brian', '500 Yellowstone Drive, #2', '75243');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1004, 'Mrs', 'Mary', 'Griffith', '3401 Elder Lane', '20005');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1005, 'Mr', 'Martin', 'Randolph', '340 MAIN STREET, #7', '60615');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1006, 'Mrs', 'Sally', 'Smith', '250 Curtis Street', '75243');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1007, 'Mr', 'Mike', 'Jackson', '133 BROADWAY APT. 1', '45211');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1008, 'Mrs', 'Rita', 'Doe', '2000 Humboldt St., #6', '97213');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1009, 'Mr', 'George', 'Howe', '111 B Parkway, #23', '75243');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1010, 'Mr', 'Frank', 'Miller', '27 5th St., 76', '95054');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1011, 'Mrs', 'Susan', 'Baker', '200 MAIN STREET, #94', '90018');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1012, 'Mr', 'Joseph', 'Peters', '700 S. Ash St., APT.12', '92714');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1013, 'Company', NULL, 'TOOLware', '410 Mariposa St., #10', '20019');
   INSERT INTO CUSTOMER VALUES(1014, 'Mr', 'Antony', 'Jenkins', '55 A Parkway, #15', '20903');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(1, 100, 1000, 11, 'single', '2020-12-24', '2020-12-27');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(2, 110, 1001, 11, 'double', '2020-12-24', '2021-01-03');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(3, 120, 1002, 15, 'suite', '2020-11-14', '2020-11-18');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(4, 130, 1009, 21, 'single', '2019-02-01', '2019-02-03');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(5, 150, 1006, 17, 'double', '2019-03-14', '2019-03-24');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(6, 140, 1013, 20, 'double', '2020-04-12', '2020-04-30');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(7, 160, 1011, 17, 'single', '2020-04-12', '2020-04-15');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(8, 170, 1014, 25, 'suite', '2020-09-01', '2020-09-03');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(9, 180, 1001, 22, 'double', '2020-12-23', '2021-01-08');
   INSERT INTO RESERVATION VALUES(10, 190, 1013, 24, 'double', '2020-11-14', '2020-11-17');
   
   INSERT INTO MAINTENANCE VALUES(10, 24, 'Replace pool liner and pump', '2019-03-21', 'Discount Pool Supplies');
   INSERT INTO MAINTENANCE VALUES(11, 25, 'Renovate the bar area.  Replace TV and speakers', '2020-11-29', 'TV and Audio Superstore');
   INSERT INTO MAINTENANCE VALUES(12, 26, 'Roof repair due to storm', null, null);
   
   SELECT SCHEMA_NAME, OBJECT_NAME, OBJECT_TYPE, OWNER_NAME FROM "PUBLIC"."OWNERSHIP" WHERE OWNER_NAME = 'USER1';
   

4. Execute the SQL with the command below. This is an example of running commands in non-interactive mode.

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   hdbsql -U USER1UserKey -I hotel.sql
   

   Confirm that 15 records have been inserted.

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   hdbsql -U USER1UserKey "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM HOTELS.CUSTOMER";
   

   

   View the list of created objects.

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   hdbsql -U USER1UserKey
   \dt HOTELS.
   \dp HOTELS.
   

   

   If the output is not aligned, aligned output mode can be toggled with \al in hdbsql.

   For further information, see CREATE TABLE Statement and INSERT Statement.

5. Identifiers such as table names are automatically upper cased unless they are within "".

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   SELECT * FROM HoTeLs.RoOm;  --succeeds
   SELECT * FROM "HoTeLs"."RoOm"; --fails
   SELECT * FROM "HOTELS"."ROOM"; --succeeds
   

   For further details, consult Identifiers and case sensitivity.

   Should you wish to remove the contents of a table, the table itself, a schema or a user, the following statements can be executed. Do not execute these now as USER1 and the hotel data set will be used subsequently in this tutorial.

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   --DO NOT EXECUTE UNLESS YOU ARE FINISHED WITH THE TUTORIAL
   DROP SCHEMA HOTELS CASCADE;
   DROP USER USER1 CASCADE;
   DROP USER USER2 CASCADE;
   

1. HDBSQL can run commands interactively, or non-interactively. A few examples are shown below.

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   SELECT * FROM HOTELS.CUSTOMER; -- interactive
   hdbsql -U USER1UserKey "SELECT * FROM HOTELS.CUSTOMER"; -- non-interactive
   hdbsql -U USER1UserKey -I hotel.sql -- batch file
   

2. Substitution variables can be used to pass parameters.

   Create a file named findCustomers.sql.

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   notepad findCustomers.sql
   

   Shell (Linux or Mac)

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   pico findCustomers.sql
   

   Given the following SQL statement:

   SQL (findCustomers.sql)

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   SELECT * FROM HOTELS.CUSTOMER WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE '&nameParam'
   

   We can call the query by executing the following command:

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   hdbsql -A -U USER1UserKey -V nameParam=J% -I findCustomers.sql
   

   The -V option specifies a named variable that can be used within the SQL specified after the -I option.

   

   It is also possible to define new variables and list the defined variables as shown below.

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   hdbsql -A -U USER1UserKey -V nameParam=J% 
   \vd titleParam Mr
   \vl
   SELECT * FROM HOTELS.CUSTOMER WHERE TITLE = '&titleParam' AND FIRSTNAME LIKE '&nameParam'
   

   

   See SAP HANA HDBSQL Options for details on the options to list and define substitution variables.

3. HDBSQL will prompt for required parameters. A few examples follow.

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   SELECT * FROM HOTELS.CUSTOMER WHERE FIRSTNAME LIKE ?;
   

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   CALL HOTELS.SHOW_RESERVATIONS(?, ?);
   

   

   In the above examples, the statements are prepared first, then the parameters are sent afterwards during the execute phase. In the previous step which used substitution variables, however, there is no separate prepare step. If a statement is going to be executed repeatedly, but with different parameters, in general, prepared statements can execute quicker.

Congratulations! You have now created a user and some tables using HDBSQL. This user will be used to connect and query the data in the following tutorials.