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Continuous Integration (CI) Best Practices with SAP – Java Web on SAP Cloud Platform

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Continuous Integration (CI) Best Practices with SAP – Java Web on SAP Cloud Platform

Wolfram Kramer

2018-12-02

Intermediate
15 min.
SAP Cloud Platform, Intermediate, Tutorial, Project
Part 4.2 – Configuring the CI system for Maven-based Java Web project.

Introduction

This document is part of the guide Continuous Integration (CI) Best Practices with SAP. For all the examples to work properly make sure that you have followed the setup instructions for all components listed in the prerequisites box.

The example shown here uses samples that are delivered as part of the SDK installation for Java Web development. These samples contain some web applications that are built using Maven and share a common parent pom.xml. Documentation and resources for Java web application development:

Java: Getting Started
Tutorial: Developing and deploying a basic Java application on SAP Cloud Platform
Install the SDK for Java Development
SDK Download

The samples can be built without any further prerequisites. The dependencies listed in the pom.xml are all available on the Maven central repository. This includes the SAP Java Web SDK itself that does not need to be installed on the build server.

We will setup a Continuous Delivery pipeline for one of the sample applications applying what was shown in the Pipeline Skeleton part. We will use the following infrastructure:

Java Web on SAP Cloud Platform, CI Process Landscape

Figure 1: Landscape using Gerrit and Jenkins

In our scenario we assume that a Java Web developer works with a local Eclipse development environment and Git as the versioning tool. The developer also owns a developer account in SAP Cloud Platform to deploy and test the application manually. Commits in Git are not pushed directly into the master branch, but to Gerrit for voting. A voter build is automatically triggered to guarantee build and component test quality even before the commit is merged into master. We will show in our example how to include automated scenario tests by automatically deploying the application to a runtime. For the latter, two alternatives are possible: a JEE instance which is created on-the-fly on the build server or an account on SAP Cloud Platform.

After successful voter build and an eventual review by another developer, the commit is merged into master by the developer or a responsible person. This event triggers the CI build, which is implemented similarly to the voter build containing compilation, component and scenario tests on either a local JEE runtime or the SAP Cloud Platform. The build result will be archived on Jenkins, so there is no need to rebuild the software in subsequent pipeline steps.

We will then implement a deploy job for acceptance tests. The quality manager triggers it manually to deploy the application to a test account on SAP Cloud Platform. Manual testers are assumed to execute the acceptance test.

When the acceptance test was successful, the delivery manager can decide to trigger the release of the application. The artifact is uploaded to Nexus and the application is deployed to the productive SAP Cloud Platform account.

Java Web on SAP Cloud Platform, CI Process Landscape

Figure 2: Sequence of CI scenario

In most likelihood there will already be an instance running on the productive SAP Cloud Platform account, which is why we need a “rolling update”, also known as blue-green deployment. In simple terms, blue-green deployment ensures minimum downtime by running two processes called “blue” and “green” in the same instance. At any time, only one of the processes (blue) is available for access while the other (green) is ready for the blue process to get closed. This is illustrated below:

Blue-green deployment

Figure 3: Blue-green deployment

SAP Cloud Platform offers two ways to achieve zero downtime blue-green deployment of applications.

  • Manual – involves manually enabling or disabling application processes. This method provides better control over the processes and lets you specify the time at which the new version is enabled.

  • Automatic – the so called rolling update. The entire process switch is automated. The system automatically chooses and disables the processes of the old version while simultaneously enabling the new version.

We apply the steps which are described in the Pipeline Skeleton part to
our scenario. The following illustration depicts the flow implementing the CI/CD process:

CI/CD process flow

Figure 4: The CI/CD process flow

In conclusion, several accounts on SAP Cloud Platform are needed to separate the different concerns within the whole pipeline and to ensure that different deployed versions of the application in different quality stages do not get in conflict with each other. Note that the name of the deployed application does not change.

In principle, it would be possible to work with less accounts by sharing one for different concerns. But then, additional care must be taken to avoid conflicts. There are different possibilities:

  • Locking the account when an automated test is currently running, enforcing exclusive usage. But this bears the risk of queuing the tests.

  • Assignment of dynamically generated application names.

We just mention the possibility and will not go into the details.

Preparation of the Project

We will call our project neo-java-web-sdk-samples. To set up the Gerrit project, execute the corresponding steps as described in Generic Project. The samples folder in the SAP Cloud Platform SDK contains a Maven parent project with a couple of modules. We do not want to build all the modules in this example but restrict ourselves on the explore-ui5 module only. The others do not need to be included into the Gerrit project, and in the parent pom.xml, place them into comments:

    <modules>
	<!--
        <module>...
           ...</module>
	-->
        <module>explore-ui5</module>
	<!--
        <module>...
           ...</module>
    -->
    </modules>

We do not use Maven snapshot versions, hence ensure that the version number in the parent pom.xml does not end with SNAPSHOT.

Voter Build: Preparation of the Java Compilation

To configure the voter build, execute the corresponding steps as described in part Generic Project, but take neo-java-web-sdk-samples as project name and use the sources from the sample. We assume now that a voter job is created on Jenkins with the name VO_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_build.

Voter Build: Scenario Tests on the Build Server

The SAP neo-java-web-maven-plugin provides a client API to SAP Cloud Platform, enabling the build to issue commands there, for example, starting, stopping or deploying an application. The plugin also includes a local mode that enables you to launch a local runtime and to deploy the application there, which is much faster than deploying over the network directly to SAP Cloud Platform. We describe both alternatives, and it is up to you to decide which one is appropriate for your scenario.

Maven Plugin

Part of the automatic scenario tests are Selenium tests. Selenium tries to start a browser which requires Firefox to be installed on the Jenkins build slave machine. Firefox requires a display to send the front end to; however, on a Linux build machine there usually is no display (for example an X server) installed. Hence starting Firefox during the build would fail. We solve this issue by temporarily opening the virtual frame buffer Xvfb during the build and setting the DISPLAY environment variable using the Envinject plugin of Jenkins so that Firefox knows where to display the front end.

You might have compatibility problems between Selenium and Firefox, it might happen that your first trial will fail; we suggest trying out other version combinations. We have tested Firefox 42.0 with Selenium 2.52.0. Firefox must be installed on the machine, whereas Selenium is automatically fetched by Maven.

Procedure

Enhance the pom.xml to install the SDK.

  1. In the source code of the sample project, open the parent pom.xml.

  2. In the property definition part, change the value of ${sap.cloud.sdk.path} as follows:

    ...
  <properties>
    ...
      <sap.cloud.sdk.path>${project.build.directory}/sdk</sap.cloud.sdk.path>
    ...
  </properties>
...

  3. In the section that defines the profile local-integration-tests, add the following lines to indicate where to install the SDK:

    ...
  <profile>
    <id>local-integration-tests</id>
    <build>
      <plugins>
        <plugin>
          <groupId>com.sap.cloud</groupId>
          <artifactId>${sap.cloud.sdk.plugin}</artifactId>
          <executions>
            ...
            <execution>
              <phase>initialize</phase>
              <goals>
                <goal>install-sdk</goal>
              </goals>
            </execution>
            ...
          </executions>
          ...
        </plugin>
        ...
      </plugins>
    </build>
  </profile>
...

    SAP Cloud Platform Maven Plugin

Requirements for Selenium tests

  1. Log in as root onto the Jenkins slave and install Xvfb. However, it is very likely that it was already installed with your Linux distribution.

    XVFB Documentation

  2. Log in as root onto the Jenkins slave and install Firefox, version 42.0.

    Firefox
    Firefox Downloads

  3. In the sources of the sample project, open the parent pom.xml and verify the Selenium version number:

    <properties>
  ...
  <selenium.test.framework.version>2.52.0</selenium.test.framework.version>
</properties>

Configure the Jenkins job

Apply the following changes to the job VO_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_build.

  1. In Jenkins, open the job and go to Configure > Build Environment.

    Field Value
    Inject environment … checked
    Properties Content DISPLAY=:99

  2. Go to the Pre Steps section and select Add pre-build step > Execute shell. Enter as command:

    Xvfb :99 -ac & echo $! > Xvfb.pid; ps -aef | grep Xvfb

    Xvfb starts and opens the display. Since Xvfb should only run during the lifetime of the build, the process id is kept in a file from which it is retrieved in the post-step to kill the Xvfb process.

  3. In the Build section, enter the following line as Goals and options:

    clean verify -P local-integration-tests -Dhttps.proxyHost=<your proxy host> -Dhttps.proxyPort=<your proxy port>

  4. In the Post Steps section, select Add post-build step > Execute shell. Enter as command:

    cat Xvfb.pid | xargs kill

  5. Press Save.

Rerun the build by pushing a small change. When you open the log, you see the local runtime installed, the application deployed and started, and the tests, including Selenium tests, executed.

Voter Build: Scenario Tests on SAP Cloud Platform

We will now change the configuration such that the scenario tests are executed on a developer account on the SAP Cloud Platform trial landscape.

You must have a valid development account on SAP Cloud Platform. Do not use your personal user ID for the deployment; instead, use a machine user that you create on SAP Cloud Platform and grant the deploy permissions to.

The deployment to SAP Cloud Platform is performed in the Maven build using the SAP neo-java-web-maven-plugin. By activating the Maven profile cloud-integration-tests, the build stops the application that is still running in the SAP Cloud Platform account, deploys the new artifact and restarts the application. After the test execution, the application is stopped again.

Prerequisites

  • A developer account on the SAP Cloud Platform trial landscape.

Getting a Global Account
SAP Cloud Platform Cockpit

Procedure

Create an additional user for your account.

  1. Open the SAP Cloud Platform Cockpit and ensure that you are on the Log on > Register start page. If you still see your personal Cockpit view, simply log off.

  2. Click Register and fill out the form. Use a different e-mail address than your personal account. Click Register.

  3. Soon after your registration you receive an e-mail that contains the activation link. Open it and activate the new user.

  4. Log off and log in again with your original user, not with the new one. You see the Cockpit view for your account.

  5. In the navigation area, select Members > Add Members. Enter the user ID of your newly created user. Assign the role Developer to the user.

  6. Test the connection by opening a local console. On Linux, enter the following: 

    export https_proxy=<URL of your HTTPS proxy>
export http_proxy=<URL of your HTTP proxy>
cd <the installation directory of your SAP Cloud Platform SDK>/tools
./neo.sh list-applications --host https://hanatrial.ondemand.com --account <your SAP Cloud Platform account>\
  --user <your SAP Cloud Platform user> --password <your SAP Cloud Platform password>

    You see the applications installed in your account.

Modify the pom.xml to install the SDK.

  1. In the sources of the sample project, open the parent pom.xml.

  2. Add the following lines in the section that defines the profile cloud-integration-tests: 

    ...
  <profile>
    <id>cloud-integration-tests</id>
    <build>
      <plugins>
        <plugin>
          <groupId>com.sap.cloud</groupId>
          <artifactId>${sap.cloud.sdk.plugin}</artifactId>
          <executions>
            ...
            <execution>
              <phase>initialize</phase>
              <goals>
                <goal>install-sdk</goal>
              </goals>
            </execution>
            ...
          </executions>
          ...
        </plugin>
        ...
      </plugins>
    </build>
  </profile>
...

    SAP Cloud Platform Maven Plugin

Configure the Jenkins job

Make the following changes to the job VO_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_build.

  1. In Jenkins, open the job and go to Configure.

  2. In the Build Environment section, enter the following data:

    Field Value
    Inject passwords to the build as environment variables checked
    Global passwords checked
    Mask password parameters checked

  3. In the Build section, enter as Goals and options:

    clean verify -P cloud-integration-tests -Dhttps.proxyHost=<your proxy host> -Dhttps.proxyPort=<your proxy port> -Dsap.cloud.account=${SAPCP_VOTER_ACCOUNT} -Dsap.cloud.username=${SAPCP_USER} -Dsap.cloud.password=${SAPCP_PASSWORD} -Dsap.cloud.host=hanatrial.ondemand.com

  4. Save.

Define the needed credentials

  1. In Jenkins, go to Manage Jenkins > Configure System > Global Passwords.

  2. Define your credential data by creating new entries for the names SAPCP_USER, SAPCP_VOTER_ACCOUNT and SAPCP_PASSWORD. The values of these variables will be masked in the build log.

  3. Save.

Start the job by pushing a small change. You see the job deploying onto SAP Cloud Platform and executing the scenario tests.

CI build

You can use the voter build as a template for the CI build job by making a copy of it. In this example its name is CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_build. Concerning the run time for automatic scenario test execution, what was said for the voter builds also applies to the CI build. Thus most of the job configuration can be taken from the voter build with few differences:

  • The merge into the master branch is the event that triggers the build.

  • The CI build is part of the continuous delivery pipeline, and thus configuration for archiving the artifact and definition of the subsequent job as described in Pipeline Skeleton is needed.

  • The CI build deploys to a different SAP Cloud Platform account. We assume in this example that the user credentials remain unchanged, but you may decide to use different deploy users.

Procedure

  1. Open the job definition.

  2. Change the Gerrit Trigger section according to the needs of the CI build as described in Generic Project.

  3. In the Post-build Actions section, select Add post-build action > Archive the artifacts. Enter

    explore-ui5/target/*.war, pom.xml, explore-ui5/pom.xml, explore-ui5/WebContent/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF, explore-ui5/WebContent/WEB-INF/web.xml

  4. Select Add post-build action > Build other projects (manual step). Enter CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_testDeploy as downstream project name. Ignore the warning. Select Add Parameters > Predefined parameters. Enter:

    BUILD_JOB_NUMBER=${BUILD_NUMBER}

  5. In the Maven Goal definition of the Build section, change the variable name for the account to ${SAPCP_CI_ACCOUNT}.

  6. Save.

  7. In Manage Jenkins > Configure System > Global Passwords, add SAPCP_CI_ACCOUNT and save.

Test Deploy job

This job is manually triggered but semantically linked to the job before. In our case, it has the name CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_testDeploy.

In contrast to the build job, we choose now a freestyle project instead of a Maven project because we do not want to go through all the Maven phases and thus to rebuild the artifact once again. We rather call dedicated Maven targets for starting, stopping and deploying the application.

Procedure

  1. Open the Jenkins front end, go to New Item, select Freestyle project and enter CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_testDeploy as name.

  2. Enter the following values to the configuration:

    Field Value
    This job is parametrized checked
    Type String Parameter
    Name BUILD_JOB_NUMBER
    Restrict where this project can be run checked; Label Expression: the label that you have assigned to the slave, in this case builds.
    Source Code Management none

  3. In the Build Environment section, enter:

    Field Value
    Delete workspace before build starts checked
    Inject passwords to the build as environment variables checked
    Global passwords checked
    Mask password parameters checked

  4. In the Build section, select Add build step > Copy artifacts from another project and enter:

    Field Value
    Project name CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_build
    Which build Specific build
    Build number ${BUILD_JOB_NUMBER}
    Artifacts to copy explore-ui5/target/*.war, pom.xml, explore-ui5/pom.xml, explore-ui5/WebContent/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF, explore-ui5/WebContent/WEB-INF/web.xml

  5. Select Add build step > Execute shell and enter as shell command

    # go to module
cd explore-ui5

#install Neo SDK
mvn neo-java-web:install-sdk -DsdkInstallPath=target/sdk

# stop running application
mvn neo-java-web:stop -P cloud-integration-tests -Dhttps.proxyHost=<your proxy host> -Dhttps.proxyPort=<your proxy port> \
-Dsap.cloud.account=${SAPCP_TEST_ACCOUNT} -Dsap.cloud.username=${SAPCP_USER} -Dsap.cloud.password=${SAPCP_PASSWORD} \
-Dsap.cloud.host=hanatrial.ondemand.com

# deploy the application
mvn neo-java-web:deploy -P cloud-integration-tests -Dhttps.proxyHost=<your proxy host> -Dhttps.proxyPort=<your proxy port> \
-Dsap.cloud.account=${SAPCP_TEST_ACCOUNT} -Dsap.cloud.username=${SAPCP_USER} -Dsap.cloud.password=${SAPCP_PASSWORD} \
-Dsap.cloud.host=hanatrial.ondemand.com

# start the application
mvn neo-java-web:start -P cloud-integration-tests -Dhttps.proxyHost=<your proxy host> -Dhttps.proxyPort=<your proxy port> \
-Dsap.cloud.account=${SAPCP_TEST_ACCOUNT} -Dsap.cloud.username=${SAPCP_USER} -Dsap.cloud.password=${SAPCP_PASSWORD} \
-Dsap.cloud.host=hanatrial.ondemand.com

  6. Select Add post-build action > Build other projects (manual step).
    Enter CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_release as downstream project name.
    Ignore the warning. Select Add Parameters > Predefined parameters. Enter:

    BUILD_JOB_NUMBER=${BUILD_JOB_NUMBER}

  7. Save the job definition.

  8. In Manage Jenkins > Configure System > Global Passwords, add SAPCP_TEST_ACCOUNT and save.

Release job

The release job named CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_release is mostly a copy of the test deploy job.

It differs from the latter in the productive SAP Cloud Platform account as deployment target and an additional step for uploading the artifacts to Nexus. There is no post-build action for subsequent jobs.

Procedure

  1. Open the Jenkins front end and go to New Item. As name enter CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_release and select Copy existing item and enter CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_testDeploy.

  2. In the command input of the Execute shell build step, add the following lines just before the SAP Cloud Platform SDK installation command:

    # upload to the Nexus release repository. Do not forget the parent pom
mvn deploy:deploy-file -Durl=<URL of your Nexus release repository> \
-Dfile=../pom.xml -DrepositoryId=nexusCIProcess -Dpackaging=pom -DpomFile=../pom.xml

mvn deploy:deploy-file -Durl=<URL of your Nexus release repository> \
-Dfile=target/explore-ui5.war -DrepositoryId=nexusCIProcess -Dpackaging=war -DpomFile=pom.xml

  3. Replace the occurrences of ${SAPCP_TEST_ACCOUNT} by ${SAPCP_PROD_ACCOUNT}.

  4. Remove the post-build action. This job does not have a downstream project.

  5. Save.

  6. In Manage Jenkins > Configure System > Global Passwords, add SAPCP_PROD_ACCOUNT and save.

Setup of the pipeline

We apply the steps which are described in the Pipeline Skeleton part to
our scenario.

Procedure

  1. Open the Jenkins front end and click into the last view tab containing the + sign.

  2. Enter neo-java-web-sdk-samples_pipeline and select Build Pipeline View. Press OK.

  3. In the Layout section, enter the name of the CI build job, CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_build, into the field Select Initial Job.

  4. In the field No Of Displayed Builds enter 5 for the beginning, but you may enter whatever is convenient for you.

  5. Press OK.

Clicking ‘Run’ in the top menu will start the CI build job. Once this is successful the next Test Deploy job can be started with a button in the bottom right corner. Once this is successful, the Release job can be started. The pipeline looks as follows:

Pipeline setup

Blue-green release job

We now change the configuration of the release job for blue-green deployment. With this rolling update procedure, the new version is deployed with zero downtime.

Procedure

Modify the pom.xml to update the SDK

The rolling update on the production account is handled by the maven profile update. It ensures that the current running process is shut down gracefully before the updated application’s processes start.

Console Client Commands: rolling-update.

  1. In the sources of the sample project, open the parent pom.xml.

  2. Add the following new profile to the pom.xml file:

    ...
  <profile>
    <id>update</id>
    <build>
      <plugins>
        <plugin>
          <groupId>com.sap.cloud</groupId>
          <artifactId>${sap.cloud.sdk.plugin}</artifactId>
          <executions>
            <!-- This execution is required to install the SDK -->
            <execution>
             <phase>initialize</phase>
             <goals>
              <goal>install-sdk</goal>
             </goals>
            </execution>
            <!-- This execution is used to run the rolling-update command for blue-green deployment -->
            <execution>
              <id>deploying-application</id>
              <phase>package</phase>
              <goals>
                <goal>run-console-command</goal>
              </goals>
              <configuration>
                <consoleCommand>rolling-update -a ${sap.cloud.account} -b ${sap.cloud.application} -h ${sap.cloud.host} -u ${sap.cloud.username} -p ${sap.cloud.password} -source ${project.build.directory}/${project.artifactId}.war</consoleCommand>                 
              </configuration>
            </execution>
          </executions>
     	    <configuration>
            <skip>${skipIntegrationTests}</skip>
            <sdkInstallPath>${sap.cloud.sdk.path}</sdkInstallPath>
          </configuration>
        </plugin>
      </plugins>
    </build>
  </profile>
...

For the rolling update to execute successfully, the minimum number of processes that needs to be configured at the time of deployment is three. The currently running process (blue) takes up one process and the new process waiting to run (green) needs another process, along with the units required to process the rolling update.

Configure the Jenkins job

Make the following changes to the job CI_neo-java-web-sdk-samples_master_release.

  1. In Jenkins, open the job and go to Configure.

  2. In the command input of the Execute shell build step, remove the maven command to stop and start the application. Starting and stopping is automatically done by the maven profile update.

  3. Change the maven command to deploy the application to:

    # update the application
mvn package -P update -Dhttps.proxyHost=<your proxy host> -Dhttps.proxyPort=<your proxy port> \
-Dsap.cloud.account=${SAPCP_PROD_ACCOUNT} -Dsap.cloud.username=${SAPCP_USER} -Dsap.cloud.password=${SAPCP_PASSWORD} \
-Dsap.cloud.host=hanatrial.ondemand.com

    Notice the change of the maven lifecycle to package and the maven profile changed to update.

  4. Save.

  5. Start the job by pushing a small change.

Next Steps

Prerequisites

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